File System

Your computer's file system organizes it's files and directories into a tree like structure. The main directory is the first one that was created and is referred to as the root directory or parent directory. Every root or parent directory can have as many child directory and files as you can imagine as long as they are nested.

Sending your computer a command is the same as asking someone to do something; in this case, your computer.

Installing Git Bash

To get the bash CLI on windows, we will need to download git bash. Git Bash is a source control management system for Windows. It allows users to type Git commands that make source code management easier through versioning and commit history.

Step 1

Download the git bash command setup from the official website git-scm.com.

Step 2

Download the installer.

Step 3

Run the .exe file you just downloaded and follow the instructions in the installer. ​

Step 4

Run Git Bash by right-clicking on any folder and selecting the Git Bash Here option from the context menu(right-click menu).

Setting Up Your Command Line Interface

The command line is used to create manipulate and find files and folders. There are different forms of command lines with short form CLI. To setup our interface, we will be using the bash CLI.

Bash is an open source command line and is the default for Linus and MacOS. To access Bash in MacOS, you can use an application called Terminal.

1. First open the Applications folder, then open the Utilities folder.

2. Once you’re in the Utilities folder you will see the application Terminal. Open the Terminal application and you’re ready to go!

3. For ease of access later, you can keep Terminal in your Dock. Simply right click (alt-click) the Terminal icon in your dock, then select “Options”, then “Keep In Dock.”

Let's look at some commands and what they do.

Command Lines

• $ ls command checks what directory you are in and looks for and lists the files within it.

• ls -a is used to check the contents of the working directory in more detail.

• ls -t displays files and directories in the same order they were created.

• ls -l list a detailed contents of directories with files permissions in a long format which includes, file owner's username, access rights, size of file in bytes, number of hard links, name of group that owns the file, date and time the file was last modified, name of the file or directory.

• ls -alt lists all contents, including hidden files and directories, in long format, ordered by the date and time they were last modified.

• $ pwd outputs the directory you are currently working on. It's also called the working directory. Pwd means print working directory

• $ cd means change directory and it does just that. It switches you into the directory you specify. When a file, directory or program is passed, it is called an argument.

• $ mkdir means make directories and is used to create directories(folders).

• $ touch is used to create a file in the working directory. It takes the file name as an argument and creates an empty file.

• cat outputs contents of an individual file in the terminal.

• clear is used to clear your terminal.

• tab is used to autocomplete your commands.

• cp command is used to copy files or directories.

• cp source.txt destination.txt and cp source.txt destination/ to copy files from source directory into destination directory. Also used to copy multiple files into a directory with a list of source files as the first arguments, and the destination directory as the last argument

• * are special characters called wildcards and they can be used to select groups of files. For example, using cp * my_directory/ to copy all files in the current working directory into another directory while cp w*.txt my_directory/ selects all files in the working directory starting with “w” (prefix) and ending with “.txt” (suffix), and copies them to my_directory/.

• mvcommand moves files without making a copy unlike cp. To move a file into a directory, use mv with the source file as the first argument and the destination directory as the second argument. For example, mv `my_file.txt into my_directory/'. It can also be used to move multiple files e.g mv my_file_1.txt my_file_2.txt my_directory/ .

• mv can also be used to change file names e.g mv file_original.txt file_renamed.txt

• rm deletes files and directories permanently e.g rm unwanted_file.txt.

• rm -r modifies the behavior of the rm command. The -r stands for “recursive,” and it’s used to delete a directory and all of its child directories e.g rm -r unwanted_directory.

Input and Output Redirection

Redirection reroutes standard input, standard output, and standard error to or from a different location.

• Standard input, abbreviated as stdin, is information inputted into the terminal through the keyboard or input device.

• Standard output, abbreviated as stdout, is the information outputted after a process is run.

• Standard error, abbreviated as stderr, is an error message outputted by a failed process.

• > command redirects the standard output to a file. It overwrites all original contents.

• >> command redirects the standard output to a file without losing the original text.

• <takes the standard input from the file on the right and inputs it into the program on the left.

• | is a pipe and takes the standard output of the command on the left, and pipes it as standard input to the command on the right.

• sort takes the standard input and orders it alphabetically for the standard output (it doesn’t change the file itself).

• uniqstands for “unique.” It filters out adjacent, duplicate lines in a file.

• grep stands for “global regular expression print.” It searches files for lines that match a pattern and then returns the results. It is also case sensitive.

• grep -i enables the command to be case insensitive.

• grep -R searches all files in a directory and outputs filenames and lines containing matched results. -R stands for “recursive”.

• sed stands for “stream editor.” It accepts standard input and modifies it based on an expression, before displaying it as output data.

Configuring the Command Line

A command line is a tool that is used often, to manage files in a project (move, delete, re-organize, replace, search etc). In software development, configuration of command line is necessary as this gets really busy due to the numerous things that are done on it. You can run commands directly from your command line or make use of development softwares like Git.

Basic Command Lines

nano hello.txt is used to open the nano text editor.

ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES are variables that can be used across commands and programs and hold information about the environment.

env command stands for “environment,” and returns a list of the environment variables for the current user.

PS1 is an environment variable that defines the makeup and style of the command prompt.

HOME variable is an environment variable that displays the path of the home directory~.

~/.bash_profile is where environment settings are stored. You can edit this file with nano.

PATH is an environment variable that stores a list of directories separated by a colon.

PATH returns a colon : separated list of file paths. It is customized in advanced cases.

The nano editor is a command line text editor used to configure the environment.

export VARIABLE="Value" sets and exports an environment variable.

HOME is the home directory. It is usually not customized.

USER is the name of the current user.

PS1 is the command prompt.

./script.sh used to run script.

Automating with Bash Script

Bash scripting is a great way to automate repetitive tasks. There are a few steps to follow to ensure your computer is able to find and execute your bash scripts. The beginning of your script file should start with #!/bin/bash on its own line as this tells your computer which type of interpreter to use for the script.

chmod +x is use to give an execute permission to allow a file to run the file every time it opens to load it's configuration .

Variables are declared by setting the variable name equal to another value. They are accessed using a dollar sign (echo $greeting) .

Conditionals

Conditionals are used to control which set of commands within the script run.

if [ $index -lt 5 ]
then
  echo $index
else
  echo 5
fi

If is to start the conditional. Followed by the [ ] There should be a space between a bracket and the conditional statement then begins the code that will run if the condition is met. else begins the code that will run if the condition is not met. the conditional is closed with a backwards if, fi.

Bash Script Comparison Operators

• -lt Is a less than operator.

• -eq Equal

• -ne Not equal

• -le Less than or equal

• -lt Less than

• -ge Greater than or equal

• -gt Greater than

• -z is null

• == Equal

• != Not equal

Loops

Loops can be done in 3 ways; using a for loop, while loop and until.

• For loop is used to iterate through a list and execute an action at each step for example

  #!/bin/bash
  first_greeting="Nice to meet you!"
  later_greeting="How are you?"
  greeting_occasion=0
  while [ $greeting_occasion -lt 3 ]
  do
  if [ $greeting_occasion -lt 1 ]
  then
    echo $first_greeting
  else
    echo $later_greeting
  fi
  greeting_occasion=$((greeting_occasion + 1))
  done
  

• while loop loops keep looping while the provided condition is true for example;

while [ $index -lt 5 ]
do
  echo $index
  index=$((index + 1))
done

• until also loops until the condition is true for example;

until [ $index -eq 5 ]
do
  echo $index
  index=$((index + 1))
done

Inputs

Inputs are used to access data external to the bash script file itself. This is done by prompting the user for an input, and for this the read input is used and it looks something like this;

echo "Guess a number"
read number
echo "You guessed $number"

We can also access external data by having the user add input arguments when they run your script. These arguments are entered after the script name and are separated by spaces. For example:

saycolors red green blue

• "$@" is used when the script needs to accept an indefinite number for example

for color in "$@"
do
  echo $color
done

• Aliases allows file(s) to allow calling your scripts without the full filename for example, if we have our saycolors.sh script, we can alias it to the word saycolors using the following syntax:

alias saycolors='./saycolors.sh'

A standard input argument can also be added to your alias, for example, we can write like this alias saycolors='./saycolors.sh "green"' if we want green to always be included as the first input to saycolors.